Fig 2: MSCs‐EVs carrying miR‐378a‐3p inhibits GATA2/AQP4/PPAR‐α pathway to suppress the occurrence of IBD in mice. (A) The expression pattern of miR‐378a‐3p in colonic mucosa tissues of mice with different treatment was detected by qRT‐PCR. (B) The mRNA expression patterns of GATA2, AQP4 and PPAR‐α in colonic mucosa tissues of mice with different treatment were detected by qRT‐PCR. (C) The expression patterns of GATA2, AQP4 and PPAR‐α in colonic mucosa tissues of mice with different treatment were detected by immunohistochemical staining. (D) Weight loss of mice with different treatment during administration was recorded. (E) Colon length of mice with different treatment was recorded. (F) The statistical plot was drawn for DAI score of mice with different treatment. (G) The statistical plot was plotted for colon tissue injury score of mice with different treatment as detected by Haematoxylin and eosin staining. Data among multiple groups were compared by one‐way ANOVA and those at different timepoints by repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc tests. *p < 0.05. ***p < 0.001. ****p < 0.0001. n = 10

Fig 3: The effect of tDCS on astrocyte foot processes with blood vessels. (A–C) Representative images (A,B) and statistical analysis (C) of immunofluorescence staining for AQP4 (green) and lectin staining (red) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in each group. n = 5, scale bar = 2 μm. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. #, compared with the WT group. *, compared with the ADT group. ###/***P < 0.001.

Fig 4: Comparison of EI values in meningiomas according to AQP4 and TRP4 expression and MVC (a–c) and AQP4/TRPV4 co-expression profiles in edematous and non-edematous meningiomas (d)

Fig 5: AQP4 and TRPV4 channel expression in peri-tumor (peri-meningioma tissue) compared with main tumor tissue of edematous meningiomas (n = 20). The (non-parametric) Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test was used and the level of significant was defined as p < 0.05